Web Measurement Device

ABSTRACT

A sensor is provided that measures web caliper using optical and magnetic measuring devices. The optical measuring devices may employ a confocal chromatic aberration method to accurately determine the distance to the moving web and the magnetic devices may be ferrite core coil and target. Means of stabilizing a moving web are included for improving dynamic measurement accuracy.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 60/969,373 filed on Aug. 31, 2007 entitled “WebThickness Measurement Device,” the contents of which are relied upon andincorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and the benefit ofpriority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) is hereby claimed

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to web measurement systems.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

Sheet materials, such as paper, are produced in thin continuous webs andrequire highly accurate thickness (caliper) measurement and control.Commonly, these measurements are accomplished by means of sensors thatphysically contact the web at both the top and bottom side. Also,various non-contacting sensors have been developed that may be fullynon-contacting (no physical contact), or sensors that contact physicallycontact sheet at only one side.

The speed of papermaking machinery has increased dramatically over time,while the web materials, for process economy, have become thinner andcheaper. This industry transition has illuminated the inherentlimitations of contacting sensors, which may mark, scratch or otherwisedamage the web. In particular, sensors that contact the sheetsimultaneously from both sides have a risk of pinching sheets containinglumps or defects, resulting in the sensors causing holes or even sheetbreak on thin paper grades. Non-contacting sensors offer an advantage asthey minimize the risks of such damage. Further, non-contacting sensorseliminate issues related to dirt buildup and wear that may causemeasurement inaccuracies, thereby leading to frequent maintenance.

Existing non contacting thickness sensor solutions include single sidedand dual sided air-bearings with magnetic distance measurement, singlesided and dual sided laser triangulators with magnetic distancemeasurement, as well as other supplemental devices to improve sensoraccuracy and stabilize the moving web.

One particular drawback to prior art non-contacting devices are theissues related to light penetration. Most paper has some degree oftranslucency, making the exterior surface position difficult toestablish by traditional optical means. Cellulose fibers are relativelyclear, and light reflected from the sheet does not radiate strictly fromthe sheet surface, but also from areas deeper in the paper. This oftenleads to optically measured thickness values that are too low.Therefore, using laser measurement may make a paper web appear thinnerthan the true thickness. These errors can be significant, and dependingupon the paper grades, laser measurement can generate optical thicknessmeasurements that are only 50% of the true value. Correct measurementsare typically only accomplished if the measured sheet is coated or elsehas a very dense and opaque surface. Thus, none of the currentnon-contacting sensor solutions offer acceptable accuracy for themajority of paper grades, and furthermore, they tend to be complex indesign and unreliable.

There is therefore a need in the art for a web measurement device thatprovides accurate measurements even when the traveling web is of apartially translucent type, such as paper.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a sensor isprovided for monitoring the attributes of a moving web. The sensorincludes a sensor head positioned adjacent to a moving web. An opticalsensor probe is positioned in the first sensor head, and includes anobjective lens having an axial chromatism. A spectrograph is incommunication with the objective lens to receive a reflected signal fromthe moving web. The spectrograph is adapted to measure the spectralwidth of the reflected signal and determine a web surface characteristictherefrom.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a sensor isprovided for monitoring a moving web. The sensor includes a first sensorhead positioned on a first side of the moving web and a second sensorhead positioned on a second side of the moving web, opposed to the firstside. A first optical sensor probe is positioned in the first sensorhead and includes a first objective lens having an axial chromatism. Asecond optical sensor probe is positioned in the second sensor head andincludes a second objective lens having an axial chromatism. Aspectrograph is in communication with the first and second objectivelens to receive a reflected signal from the moving web. The spectrographis adapted to measure the spectral width of the reflected signals anddetermine a surface characteristic of the first surface and the secondsurface.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a methodis provided for measuring a moving web. The method includes positioningan optical sensor probe adjacent to the moving web, the optical sensorprobe having an objective lens having an axial chromatism; transmittinglight through the objective lens toward the moving web; receiving areflected signal through the objective lens; determining a spectralwidth of the reflected signal; determining a web surface characteristicbased on the spectral width; and displaying the web surfacecharacteristic.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows a sectional and partially schematic view of a sensoraccording to the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows a section view of the target plate and elevated opticalreference body;

FIG. 3 shows a section view of the target plate and optical referencebody;

FIG. 4 shows top view of the contacting plate, target plate and opticalreference body;

FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of a sensor according to an alternateembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5A shows an elevated view of the target plate of the embodiment ofFIG. 5;

FIG. 5B shows an elevated view of the first sensor head having an airbearing arrangement;

FIG. 5C shows an elevated view of the first sensor head having analternate air bearing arrangement;

FIG. 6 shows a sectional view of a sensor according to a secondalternate embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 shows an enlarged sectional view of the sensor of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 shows a sectional and partially schematic view of the sensor ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 9 shows an enlarged view of the floating guides proximate to theweb;

FIG. 10 shows a sectional view of a sensor according to a thirdalternate embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11A shows a section view of one embodiment of a fiber optic cableaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 11B shows a section view of a second embodiment of a fiber opticcable according to the present invention;

FIG. 11C shows a section view of a third embodiment of a fiber opticcable according to the present invention;

FIG. 12 shows a top view of the web and representations of the surfacecoverage using the fiber optic cable of FIG. 11B or 11C.

FIG. 13 shows a 2d imaging spectrograph;

FIG. 14 shows a close-up side section view of the surface of a web;

FIG. 15A shows a displacement graph representing the surface of a slowmoving web;

FIG. 15B shows a spectral graph representative of a point on the slowmoving web;

FIG. 16A shows a displacement graph representing the surface of a fastmoving web; and

FIG. 16B shows a spectral graph representative of a point on the fastmoving web.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, a gauge measurement device (hereinafter device10) is shown and generally indicated by the numeral 10. Device 10 may beinstalled and used in a web making process line, for example, a papermaking line. When installed, device 10 is positioned in close proximityto a moving web 12 for measurement thereof. Though the present inventionis particularly useful for paper making applications, device 10 may beused to measure any type of continuously produced web. Further, one ormore devices 10 may be positioned at any point along the continuous webproduction process to continuously measure web thickness at multiplepoints in the process.

The web 12 may move at high speeds through device 10 in the machinedirection D. In the example where web 12 is a paper product, productionline speeds in paper manufacturing can reach 100 km per hour or more.Device 10 contacts a bottom surface 14 of web 12, while a top surface 16is not contacted and is measured optically. A pair of opposed sensorheads cooperate to measure the thickness, or caliper, of web 12. A firstsensor head 18 is positioned above top surface 16 and does not contactweb 12. A second sensor head 20 contacts web 12 at bottom surface 14and, as will become apparent, serves as a reference point for themeasurement devices in first head 18.

First head 18 includes an optical displacement sensor probe 22 thatemploys a confocal chromatic aberration method to determine the distancefrom the probe to the top surface 16 of web 12. Probe 22 includes anobjective lens 24 having axial chromatism, which results from thevariation of the refractive index as a function of wavelength. Such alens, if exposed to a point source of broad spectrum white light (suchas from a fiber optic cable), will produce a continuum of monochromaticimage points distributed along the optical axis A. When a surface of themeasured sample, in the present case the web 12, intercepts themeasurement axis A at point M, a singular monochromatic point image isfocalized at M. Due to the confocal configuration, only the wavelengthλ_(M) will pass back to the spectrometer (through the fiber optic cable)with high efficiency because all other wavelengths are out of focus. Ifthe web 12 is viewed through one or more transparent thin layers, eachinterface between adjacent layers reflects light at a differentwavelength, and the spectrum of the detected light is composed of aseries of spectral peaks. Such probes are configured and calibrated sothat each spectral peak indicates a specific distance from the probe.

In the present embodiment, a light source and optical spectrograph 26communicate with lens 24 through a fiber optic cable 30. White lighttravels through cable 30, is directed through objective lens 24 and ontothe web 12. The reflected light that is focused back to the fiber opticcable 30 corresponds to the wavelength at that specific distance fromlens 24. All other wavelengths will be out of focus. The spectrograph 26produces a distance measurement 32 which represents the distance fromprobe 22 to the top surface 16 of web 12.

First sensor head 18 includes a second displacement measurement sensorin the form of an inductor 33 having a ferrite cup core 34 and a winding36. Core 34 is annular and coaxial with lens 24, defining a centeraperture 38 that provides an optical path between lens 24 and web 12. Itis important to know the relative distances between inductor 33 andprobe 22, thus ferrite cup core 34 is spaced from probe 22 by a spacer40, the size of which is precisely known so that the exact distance tolens 24 is known. Inductor 33 magnetically measures the distance to aferrite target plate 42 in second sensor head 20 which is in physicalcontact with bottom surface 14 of web 12. The inductance is converted toa displacement measurement 44 by electronic unit 46. Even though theferrite based inductor system may advantageously provide a more accuratedisplacement measurement, prior art eddy current systems may also beutilized in the present invention. Further, it should be appreciatedthat first and second head 18 and 20 may be permanently fixed apredetermined distance apart. In such cases, magnetic measurementbetween heads 18 and 20 may be unnecessary.

Web thickness is thus determined by calculating the difference betweenthe inductive sensor displacement measurement 44 (plus the height ofspacer 40) and the optical sensor measurement 32.

Second sensor head 20 includes a contacting plate 60 within whichresides ferrite target plate 42. Contacting plate 60 includes aplurality of suction slots 62 that are in communication with a vacuumchamber 63 positioned beneath contacting plate 60. A vacuum generator 64draws air from vacuum chamber 63 which effectively draws air intochamber 63 through suction slots 62. In one embodiment vacuum generator64 may be a venturi based vacuum generator operable with compressed air.Contacting plate 60 may also support an optical reference body 66 thatis co-axial with lens 24.

Accurate measurements require calibration of the magnetic distancemeasurement 32, between inductor 33 and target plate 42, versus theoptical distance measurement 44 between sensor probe 22 and opticalreference body 66. A linear motion actuator 68 is included in secondsensor head 20, and is utilized for calibration as well as verticaladjustment to attain the best operating distance/gap. Linear motionactuator 68 is capable of moving up or down a frame 69 that supportscontacting plate 60, target plate 42 and reference body 66. As is knownin the art, linear motion actuators such as lead screw equipped steppermotors or piezoelectric linear positioners are capable of reliablymoving frame 69 a known distance with a high degree of accuracy.

Calibration can be performed when the web 12 is not present. Theactuator 68 may move reference body 66, along with target plate 42, to aplurality of positions. The resulting responses from the optical andmagnetic signals may then be compared. The magnetic gap measurement 44may then be calibrated using the optical sensor 22 for a referencedisplacement measurement. In other words, the magnetic measurement maybe forced to equal the optical measurement at each measurement point.This utilizes the pre-calibration of the optical sensor as a mastermeasurement of the motion, and translates this motion of exactly thesame amount to calibrate the magnetic sensor. The calibration can, forinstance, involve a fine stepping linear motion of 3 mm total rangewhile reading the optical and magnetic sensor signals every 0.01 mm oftravel. In this way a continuous calibration curve can be periodicallydetermined to correct for various issues such as drift, physical wearand misalignment.

Faulty thickness measurements will occur unless web 12 is in intimatecontact with reference body 66. This is a challenge in many webproduction machines due to the very high travel speed of the web. Forexample, at high speeds, web 12 tends to experience aerodynamic andtension dynamic sheet vibrations, wrinkles and waves.

With reference to FIGS. 2-4, a more detailed view of contacting plate 60is shown. As can be seen, in one embodiment, optical reference body 66may be positioned a known distance e slightly above ferrite target plate42. In one embodiment, optical reference body 66 extends above the topsurface of target plate 42 by up to 0.5 mm. This arrangement enablesmore intimate contact of web 12 against optical reference body 66 at thepoint of optical measurement due to local stretching.

Further drawing the web 12 toward contacting plate 60 are the pluralityof suction slots 62. The web 12 moving in direction D may advantageouslybe subjected to multiple suction slots 60 before passing over thereference body 66. The suction slots 60, in conjunction with theelevated reference body 66, combine to provide improved web contact withreference body 66. The web 12 has to slide over, for instance, threedifferent suction zones 70 a, 70 b, and 70 c, before reaching thereference body 66 where measurement takes place. This helps removeboundary layer air from disturbing the measurements, even at highspeeds.

As can be seen in FIG. 4, web 12 moves in direction D across contactplate 60. The outermost suction slots 62 extend outwardly at an angle αfrom the machine direction D. In the present embodiment, the angle α istwenty five (25) degrees. In still other embodiments, particularly whenused in very high speed machines the angle α may be from one (1) to five(5) degrees. This shallow angle acts to stretch the web 12 in thecross-machine direction to eliminate fluctuations and wrinkles. Further,the multiple suction zones 70 a, 70 b and 70 c ensure that there is noloss of suction when measuring near the edge of web 12. It should beappreciated that other suction arrangements may be employed including,for example, concentric annular slots or other patterns such as pluralholes.

The contacting plate 60, ferrite target plate 42 and optical referencebody 66 are made of very smooth, low friction and wear resistantmaterials. The top surface of reference body 66 may be made from solidceramic, sapphire, synthetic diamond or the like. Ferrite target plate42 and contact plate 60 may include a smooth coating such as diamondfilm, plasma sprayed and lapped ceramics, or a thin ceramic sapphirecover that is post-machined and lapped. Ferrite target plate 60 andinductor 33 may also be mounted with exchanged locations between firstsensor head 82 and second sensor head 84.

Referring now to FIG. 5, an alternate embodiment of a sensor accordingto the present invention is shown and generally indicated by the numeral80. Sensor 80 is adapted to measure web thickness without any directcontact with either side of web 12.

As with the previously described embodiment, sensor 80 may be positionedin close proximity to a moving web 12. The web thickness, or caliper, ismeasured by means of a first sensor head 82 that does not contact web 12and an opposed second sensor head 84 that also does not contact web 12.It should be appreciated that, though the sensor heads are described asnon-contacting, some incidental contact between web 12 and the sensorheads may occur. In the context of the present disclosure, non-contactmeans that the measurements themselves do not require physical contactbetween the web 12 and either of the sensor heads.

First head 82 includes an optical displacement sensor probe 86 thatemploys the confocal chromatic aberration method to determine thedistance to the top surface 16 of web 12. Probe 86 includes an objectivelens 88 which varies the refractive index as a function of wavelength. Alight source and optical spectrograph (not shown) communicate with lens88 through a fiber optic cable 94. Sensor probe 86 outputs a distancemeasurement which represents the distance from the lens 88 to topsurface 16 of web 12.

First sensor head 82 further includes an inductor 98 having a ferritecup core 100 with a winding 102. Core 100 is annular, defining a centeraperture 104 that provides an optical path between lens 88 and web 12.It is important to know the relative distances between inductor 98 andprobe 86, thus ferrite cup core 100 is spaced from probe 86 by a spacer106, the size of which is precisely known so that the exact distance tolens 24 is known. Inductor 98 is coaxial with lens 88 and is utilized tomagnetically measure distance to a ferrite target plate 108 in secondsensor head 84. The inductance is converted to a displacementmeasurement by an electronic unit (not shown). As with the previousembodiment, inductor 98 and target plate 108 may be switched, with thetarget plate in first head 82 and the inductor positioned in he secondhead 84. Also, other magnetic measurement methods may be employed.

Second head 84 also includes an optical displacement sensor probe 114that employs a confocal chromatic aberration method to determine thedistance to the bottom surface 14 of web 12. Probe 114 includes anobjective lens 116 which varies the refractive index as a function ofwavelength. Probe 114 views the bottom surface 14 of web 12 through anaperture 115 in target plate 108. In order to minimize errors, theoptical axis of second probe 114 is advantageously coaxial with theoptical axis of first probe 86. In other words, the same point on theweb 12 is measured at both the bottom surface 14 and top surface 16. Alight source and optical spectrograph (not shown) communicate with lens116 through a fiber optic cable 122. Sensor probe 114 produces adistance measurement which represents the distance from the lens 116 tothe bottom surface 14 of web 12.

Thus, by measuring the distance between each sensor head 82 and 84 byinductor 98, and measuring the distance of each probe 86 and 114 to top16 and bottom 14 of the web 12 by the confocal lenses 88 and 116, thethickness of web 12 may be measured.

Sensor 80 includes an air-bearing arrangement 126 that acts to stabilizeand flatten the moving web 12. Air-bearing arrangement 126 includesguide bars 128 a and 128 b that extend in the cross-machine directionand are positioned at opposed upstream and downstream ends of firstsensor head 82. According to another embodiment, guide bar 128 may becircular, extending circumferentially around the entire sensor 80 (seeFIG. 5C). In yet another embodiment, guide bars 128 a and 128 b may eachbe arced or curved. Guide bars 128 direct compressed air through aplurality of holes 129 downwardly toward web 12.

First head 82 also includes a port 130 that communicates with a chamber132 located between lens 88 and web 12. Air is supplied through port130, into chamber 132 and through aperture 104 toward web 12. As will behereinafter discussed, this promotes the removal of wrinkles from web 12at the area of measurement. Also, the evacuation of air through aperture104 helps prevent contaminates from entering chamber 132 and dirtyinglens 88.

Second sensor head 84 includes a port 134 that communicates compressedair to a peripheral chamber 136 that feeds a slot 138 at the peripheryof ferrite target plate 108. Slot 138 may be annular and is positionedinwardly of guide bar 128 and may extend the entire periphery of thetarget plate 108. Slot 138 may be angled to direct air upwardly andoutwardly. A ring 139 may be positioned outwardly of slot 138 that, incross-section, curves away from web 12. In one embodiment, ring 138includes an upwardly convex profile.

Chamber 136 communicates with a central chamber 140, located in front oflens 116, through a channel 142. The web 12 will, by this arrangement,float a small distance above ferrite target plate 108. The ratio of airflowing through aperture 115 and peripheral slot 134 may be controlledby a control valve 144. This ratio should be balanced to just barelylift web 12 away from contacting the central area of bottom head 84while not deforming the local shape of web 12. Air flowing through theaperture 136 helps keep lens 88 clean and offers additional airbearinglift, to stretch web 12 without physically contact.

Air bearing arrangement 126 stretches web 12 to control flatness andparallelism for optical measurement. Guide bars may be adjusted to forceweb 12 to pass through sensor 80 in a zigzag or serpentine pattern inthe gap between first sensor head 82 and second sensor head 83. Thisarrangement is effective in making the sheet flat by bending it inopposite directions as it passes through the sensor. The web stretching,at the optical point of measurement, is further promoted by an elevatedlip 146, which is attached to target plate 108 surrounding aperture 115and promotes a slight rise in the web at the area of the opticalmeasurement. Lip 146 may be made of a smooth, non-magnetic andnon-conductive material so that it does not interfere with magneticmeasurements.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, a second alternate embodiment of asensor is shown and generally indicated by the numeral 150. As with theembodiment described above, sensor 150 may be positioned in closeproximity to a web 12 moving in direction D. The web thickness, orgauge, is measured by means of a first sensor head 152 that does notcontact web 12 and a second sensor head 154 that also does not contactweb 12.

First head 152 includes an optical displacement sensor probe 156 thatemploys a confocal chromatic aberration method to determine the distanceto the top surface 16 of web 12. Probe 156 includes an objective lens158 which varies the refractive index as a function of wavelength. Alight source and optical spectrograph (not shown) communicate with lens158 through a fiber optic cable 160. Sensor probe 156 measures thedistance from the lens 158 to the top surface 16 of web 12.

First sensor head 152 further includes a first floating guide 162 thatfloats on a cushion of air above web 12. Floating guide 162 may be abody of rotational symmetry to assure symmetry and parallel lift of theair cushion. Guide 162 includes an inductor 164 having an annularferrite cup core 166 with a winding 168. Core 166 defines a centeraperture 170, within which is positioned a thin window 171. Window 171may be a transparent or semitransparent material. In one or moreembodiments window 171 is made of glass or sapphire. Inductor 164 isutilized to magnetically measure distance to a ferrite target plate 172in a second floating guide 174. The inductance is converted to adisplacement measurement by an electronic unit (not shown).

First floating guide 162 includes an outer body 176 that forms aninterior chamber 178. A collar 180 extends upwardly from body 176 and isreceived in a bore 182. A spherical section 184 extends radiallyoutwardly from collar 180 with a small clearance to bore 182, and by asmall amount of escaping air forming a friction free airbearing aroundthe spherical section 184 to allow free angular and axial articulationof guide 162 in the bore 182. The friction free suspension together withpneumatic force balance permits the guide 162 to achieve an equilibriumposition parallel to, and at a relatively constant distance from theupper surface of web 12. Compressed air is received through a port 186in first head 152. The air is thereafter communicated to chamber 178through the inlet formed by collar 180. A plurality of spaced holes orcircumferentially extending slots 188 are located on the bottom surface190 of body 176 so that the compressed air is directed downwardly towardweb 12. In this manner, first guide 162 is maintained above web 12 in aself-adjusting fashion.

Second head 154 includes an optical displacement sensor probe 192,axially aligned with probe 156, that employs a confocal chromaticaberration method to determine the distance to the bottom surface 14 ofweb 12. Probe 192 includes an objective lens 194 which varies therefractive index as a function of wavelength. Probe 192 views the bottomsurface 14 of web 12 through a window 196 located centrally on targetplate 172. Window 196 may be a transparent or semitransparent material.In one or more embodiments window 196 is made of glass or sapphire. Alight source and optical spectrograph (not shown) communicate with lens194 through a fiber optic cable 198. Sensor probe 192 measures thedistance from the lens 194 to the bottom surface 14 of web 12.

Second floating guide 174 includes an outer body 200 that forms aninterior chamber 202. A spherical section 208 extends radially outwardlyfrom collar 204 with a small clearance to bore 206, and by a smallamount of escaping air forming a friction free airbearing around thespherical section 208 to allow free angular and axial articulation ofguide 174 in the bore 206. The friction free suspension together withpneumatic force balance permits the guide 174 to achieve an equilibriumposition parallel to, and at a relatively constant distance from thelower surface of web 12. Compressed air is received through a port 210in second head 154. The air is thereafter communicated to chamber 202through the inlet formed by collar 204. A plurality of spaced holes orslots 212 are located on the top surface 214 of body 200 so that thecompressed air is directed from chamber 202 upwardly toward web 12. Inthis manner, second guide 174 is maintained below web 12 in aself-adjusting fashion.

The design parameters of guides 162 and 174, as well as air pressures,may be chosen so that each is maintained at about 100 μm away from therespective surface of web 12. Because guides 162 and 174 are maintainedrelatively close to web 12 (and consequently to each other) the inductor164 and ferrite target plate 172 are likewise held in close proximity,and can therefore be designed to be highly accurate, as well as small insize.

As discussed above, windows 171 and 196 may be glass, sapphire or thelike and may be used to calibrate sensor 150. In one embodiment, windows171 and 196 may be, for example 5 mm in diameter and precision machinedto 0.2 mm thickness. As can be seen in FIG. 7 and 8, the chromaticaberration optical paths 216 a, 216 b and 216 c that will return to thefiber optic cable in focus, originate from three different locations;216 a is reflected from top surface 16 of web 12, 216 b is reflectedfrom the bottom surface 218 of window 171 and 216 c is reflected fromthe top surface 220 of window 171. Similarly, the chromatic paths ofsecond probe 192 reflect from the bottom surface 14 of web 12, as wellas the top and bottom surface 222 and 224 of window 196.

Probes 156 and 192 can distinguish multiple surface reflectionssimultaneously and determine each surface location separately. By thismethod, as guides 162 and 174 articulate, each of the three surfaces canbe located and measured using the optical spectrograph. By also knowingthe distance between each guide 162 and 174 using the inductor 164 andtarget plate 172, web thickness may be derived.

As noted above, when the optical path travels through windows 171 and196, additional signals 216 b and 216 c are generated in the opticaldisplacement measurement.

Referring now to FIG. 8, an exemplary chromatic separation of the peaksis shown in top and bottom spectrographs 226 a and 226 b respectively.The spectrograph 226 a indicates three peaks for the three opticalinterfaces g₁, g₂ and D_(top) for the top device and g₃, g₄ and D_(bot)for the bottom device 226 b. Because the window thickness can beprecisely measured, and because the window thickness is very stable overtime, these additional signals g₁, g₂, g₃, and g₄ can be used todynamically correct for web tilt. Also, these signals can be used todetermine the height of the guides 162 and 174 while measuring web 12.

The floating guides 162 and 174 are free to move with the moving web 12,and as a result may experience a varying degree of tilt duringmeasurement. As a result, the optical axis and magnetic axis may nolonger be parallel, which may cause measurement errors. With referenceto FIG. 9, a method is shown to dynamically correct the resulting errorwhen the optical axis is not normal to the moving web 12. The measuredapparent thickness t^(m) _(g1) and the actual thickness t^(a) _(g1) ofwindow 171 are used to dynamically determine the actual perpendiculardistance d^(a) _(AB1) between the guide 162 and the moving web 12.Because the actual thickness t^(a) _(g1) of the glass window 171 isknown (and constant), the measured distance between top and bottom glasssurfaces 218 and 220 or 222 and 224 may be used to determine the tiltangle θ_(AB1) and θ_(AB2) of the respective floating guides 162 and 174.The actual guide height d^(a) _(AB1) and d^(a) _(AB2) is then calculatedby the trigonometric steps below, using the measured guide heights d^(m)_(AB1) and d^(m) _(AB2).

θ_(g1)=arc cos(t _(g1) ^(a) /t _(g1) ^(m))

-   -   t_(g1) ^(a)=actual glass thickness (Known)    -   t_(g1) ^(a)=measured glass thickness

θ_(AB1)=arc sin(n sin(θ_(g1))

-   -   n=refractive index, glass (Known)

d _(AB1) ^(a) =d _(AB1) ^(m)×cos(θ_(AB1))

θ_(g2)=arc cos(t _(g2) ^(a) /t _(g2) ^(m))

-   -   t_(g2) ^(a)=actual glass thickness (Known)    -   t_(g2) ^(a)=measured glass thickness

θ_(AB2)=arc sin(n sin(θ_(g2))

d _(AB2) ^(a) =d _(AB2) ^(m)×cos(θ_(AB2))

Caliper=Gap −(d _(AB1) ^(a) +d _(AB2) ^(a))

Using this method, guides 162 and 174 can articulate to track local webtilt and flutter while still providing accurate measurements. It is alsonoted that the measured glass thickness will always be greater or equalto the actual thicknesses of the windows. It should be appreciated,however, that a suitable optical density correction may be requiredbecause a portion of the optical path is through a medium other thanair.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a third alternate embodiment of a sensor isshown and generally indicated by the numeral 230. As with theembodiments described above, sensor 230 may be positioned in closeproximity to a web 12. The web thickness, or gauge, is measured by meansof a first sensor head 232 that does not contact web 12 and a secondsensor head (not shown) that may generally mirror first head 232.

First head 232 includes an optical displacement sensor probe 234 thatemploys a confocal chromatic aberration method to determine the distanceto the top surface 16 of web 12. Probe 234 includes an objective lens236 which varies the refractive index as a function of wavelength. Alight source and optical spectrograph (not shown) communicate with lens236 through a fiber optic cable 238.

First sensor head 232 further includes a first guide 240 that floats ona cushion of air above web 12. Guide 240 includes an inductor 242 havingan annular ferrite cup core 244 with a winding 246. Core 244 defines acenter aperture 248, within which is positioned an annular plate 250.Inductor 242 is utilized to magnetically measure distance to a ferritetarget plate (not shown) in the second guide (not shown) on the opposedside of web 12. The inductance is converted to a displacementmeasurement by an electronic unit (not shown).

Guide 240 is substantially similar to guide 162 with the exception thatannular plate 250 is positioned within center aperture 248 instead of awindow 171. This provides a non-obstructed view of the moving websurface 16 without a window that could potentially collect dirt andrequire regular cleaning. In this arrangement, probe 234 may includemultiple fibers (of a fiber optic cable) optically viewing through thesame lens 236. These fibers use the same lens 236 for delivery andcollection of light, but have offset lateral positions. For example, inFIG. 11 a an exemplary cross-sectional fiber arrangement is shown havinga central fiber 252 that measures the distance to web 12 through thecentral aperture 254 of annular plate 250, while a plurality of fibers256 are circumferentially spaced around central fiber 252 and measuredistance to the annular reference plate 250. These measurements may beused to calculate the tilt of the guide 240. Because the tilt of guide240 generally parallels the tilt of web 12, the measured guide tilt maybe used to dynamically correct the measured gauge of web 12. It shouldbe appreciated that the fiber arrangement of FIG. 11A, as well as FIGS.11B and 11C may be used with on or more of the previous sensorembodiments.

Referring now to FIG. 11B, an alternate fiber arrangement is shownwherein a multitude of fibers 256 are arranged in a row in thecross-machine direction to be focused onto the material in the patternshown in FIG. 12. Each individual fiber 256 may be interrogated by animaging spectrograph. An exemplary resulting graph is shown in FIG. 13.As can be seen, each fiber is directed onto a different line across the2D imaging spectrograph (A1 . . . An) and individual displacements aredetermined by signal processing. Each individual spectral line providesa high resolution surface profile. The fibers 256 can be arranged to beof comparable width to that of current online caliper measuring devices.Alternatively the average distance to the material surface can beestimated from the average spectral spread at each integration instanceΔx. In yet another embodiment, the line of fibers 256 may be used tomeasure tilt along the axis of the machine direction, thus enablingautomatic correction. In still another embodiment, measurements taken byfibers 256 may correlate to a roughness, porosity, or runnabilitymeasurement.

Referring now to FIG. 11C, an alternate fiber arrangement is shown,wherein the fibers 256 are arranged to obtain a two dimensional surfacearea profile. In this embodiment, multiple spectrographs may be separateor combined to make a 2d spectrograph (not shown) measures distance tothe sheet at more than one point (i.e. pixels arranged in rows). Thisarrangement offers measurement of displacement as well as web tilt inboth the cross-machine and machine direction. As previously discussed,web tilt can cause the thickness measurement to be in error due to theaxial optical displacements combined with any non-concentricity of thetwo opposed optical probes. The measurement of web tilt permitscompensation of measurement errors. The fibers 256 can be arranged to beof comparable width to that of current online caliper measuring devices.Alternatively, the average distance to the material surface may beproduced by averaging the output of each fiber 256. In still anotherembodiment, provided surface intensity is high and integration time verysmall, measurements taken by fibers 256 may correlate to a 2D roughness,porosity, or runnability measurement.

Referring now to FIG. 14, a profile is shown of a web 12 with roughsurface being probed by the optical beam 258. The resultant measureddisplacement 260 is shown in FIG. 15 a which shows the expected spectradetected if the sample is moved at slow speed, or if integration time isvery high, to resolve surface variations. The intensity at a givenwavelength would be comparably very high in such an arrangement, asshown in FIG. 15 b. If the same surface measurement is taken at a fasterweb speed or slower integration time, it can be seen in FIG. 16 a thatthe measured distance is the averaged distance 264 measured by the probeduring the spectrograph integration time. FIG. 16 b shows the resultantspectral width 262 widening due to the rough surface integratedmeasurement. A relationship can be found analytically and/or empiricallyon the amount of spread as a function of integration distance andsurface roughness. This offers multiple benefits, the surface topographycan be used as an on-line sheet smoothness or gloss indicator, and thesheet thickness measurement may be corrected for topography inducedmeasurement errors.

It is to be understood that the description of the foregoing exemplaryembodiment(s) is (are) intended to be only illustrative, rather thanexhaustive, of the present invention. Those of ordinary skill will beable to make certain additions, deletions, and/or modifications to theembodiment(s) of the disclosed subject matter without departing from thespirit of the invention or its scope, as defined by the appended claims.

1. A sensor for monitoring the attributes of a moving web, the sensorcomprising: a sensor head positioned adjacent a moving web; an opticalsensor probe, positioned in said first sensor head, and including anobjective lens having an axial chromatism; a spectrograph incommunication with the objective lens to receive a reflected signal fromthe moving web, said spectrograph being adapted to measure the spectralwidth of said reflected signal and determine a web surfacecharacteristic therefrom.
 2. The sensor of claim 1 wherein saidcharacteristic is surface roughness.
 3. The sensor of claim 1 whereinsaid characteristic is gloss.
 4. The sensor of claim 1 wherein saidcharacteristic is porosity.
 5. The sensor of claim 1 wherein saidcharacteristic is the thickness of transparent films deposited on themoving web.
 6. The sensor of claim 1 wherein said characteristic issurface smoothness.
 7. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the distance fromsaid sensor head a first side of the moving web is determined by saidspectrograph using confocal chromatic aberration.
 8. The sensor of claim7 further including: a second sensor head positioned on a second side ofthe moving web, opposed to said first side; an annular inductorpositioned in said first or second sensor head and including a ferritecore and a winding; a contacting plate secured to said second sensorhead, and adapted to contact the second side of the moving web; and atarget plate secured to said first or said second sensor head opposedfrom said inductor, wherein said inductor is adapted to measure thedistance to said target plate.
 9. A sensor for monitoring a moving web,the sensor comprising: a first sensor head positioned on a first side ofthe moving web; a second sensor head positioned on a second side of themoving web, opposed to said first side; a first optical sensor probepositioned in said first sensor head including an first objective lenshaving an axial chromatism; a second optical sensor probe positioned insaid second sensor head and including a second objective lens having anaxial chromatism; a spectrograph in communication with said first andsecond objective lens to receive a reflected signal from the moving web,said spectrograph being adapted to measure the spectral width of saidreflected signals and determine a surface characteristic of said firstsurface and said second surface.
 10. The sensor of claim 9 wherein saidcharacteristic is surface roughness.
 11. The sensor of claim 9 whereinsaid characteristic is gloss.
 12. The sensor of claim 9 wherein saidcharacteristic is the thickness of transparent films deposited on themoving web.
 13. The sensor of claim 9 wherein the distance from saidsensor head a first side of the moving web is determined by saidspectrograph using confocal chromatic aberration.
 14. The sensor ofclaim 9 wherein said characteristic is surface smoothness.
 15. A methodof measuring a moving web, the method comprising: positioning an opticalsensor probe adjacent to the moving web, said optical sensor probehaving an objective lens having an axial chromatism; transmitting lightthrough the objective lens toward the moving web; receiving a reflectedsignal through the objective lens; determining a spectral width of thereflected signal; determining a web surface characteristic based on thespectral width; and displaying the web surface characteristic.
 16. Themethod of claim 15 wherein said characteristic is surface roughness. 17.The method of claim 15 wherein said characteristic is gloss.
 18. Themethod of claim 15 wherein said characteristic is the thickness oftransparent films deposited on the moving web.
 19. The method of claim15 wherein said characteristic is surface smoothness.